Moreover, genome-wide patterns of linkage disequilibrium between pairs of polymorphic sites are consistent with very frequent outcrossing in these populations. vivax populations from the New World were found to be as diverse as their counterparts from areas with substantially higher malaria transmission, such as Southeast Asia, and to carry several non-synonymous substitutions in candidate drug-resistance genes. vivax genomes from Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico.
vivax isolates from Brazil, a country that accounts for 37% of the malaria burden in this continent, and compare these data with additional publicly available P. Here we describe high-quality whole-genome sequence data for nine P. Plasmodium vivax is the most common human malaria parasite in the Americas, but how and when this species arrived in the New World remains unclear. Further genome-wide analyses are required to test the demographic scenario suggested by our data. vivax lineages in the Americas originated from successive migratory waves and subsequent admixture between parasite lineages from geographically diverse sites. We hypothesize that the high diversity of present-day P. vivax populations show a rapid decline in linkage disequilibrium with increasing distance between pairs of polymorphic sites, consistent with very frequent outcrossing. falciparum populations, with relatively little between-population genome-wide differentiation (pairwise F ST values ranging between 0.025 and 0.092). vivax in the Americas is much less geographically substructured than local P. They display several non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions (some of them previously undescribed) in genes known or suspected to be involved in antimalarial drug resistance, such as dhfr, dhps, mdr1, mrp1, and mrp-2, but not in the chloroquine resistance transporter ortholog ( crt-o) gene. vivax populations from Southeast Asia, where malaria transmission is substantially more intense. vivax are as diverse (nucleotide diversity π between 5.2 × 10 −4 and 6.2 × 10 −4) as P. We found that New World populations of P.
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